Altai – The Altai Kizhi, Telengits, Teles, and Teleuts are pastoralists of mixed Turkic-Mongolian descent. After the great changes brought by Russian colonization in the 18th century, there arose shamans who, not
Environmentalism – Shamans cannot strictly be identified as environmentalists because, as animists, they are members of a large community of life rather than being surrounded by an impersonal environment or “nature.” However, the common indigenous requirement to be respectful and
Jaguars – A number of Amazonian peoples identify shamans as jaguars. Usually this is stated strongly (“shamans are jaguars”), not metaphorically (“shamans are like jaguars”). Western interpreters seem to find it difficult
Islam – Some varieties of Islam have been labeled shamanic or shamanistic. Ioan Lewis discusses possession cults called Sar or Zar in North and East Africa, and the similar Bori cult in
Inuit – Indigenous communities of the Arctic coasts of Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland (formerly known as Eskimos), well known for their hunter-fisher lifestyle and documented initially by such ethnographers as Martin
Intrusions – Illnesses are often thought to be caused by the intrusion of artifacts (e.g., darts) or predatory beings into a body. A significant part of a shaman’s role can be doctoring,
International School of Shamanism – A school based in Atlanta that offers individual and group seminars and workshops, consultations, healing, rites of passage, and other services which aim to align an individual’s
Initiation – Shamans are sometimes distinguished from other religious or cultural leaders by a particular style of initiation. In contrast with priests, who are normally educated by other priests in the technical
Ingerman, Sandra – Neo-shamanic practitioner and author. Ingerman’s most well-known book is Soul Retrieval: Mending the Fragmented Self (1991), outlining the practice of soul retrieval as taught by Michael Harner’s Foundation for
Individuation – Under the influence of modernism, the stress on individual, “inner” experience and reality has been significant both in studies of shamanic/altered states of consciousness (including trance and possession) and in
India – Piers Vitebsky argues that “shamanism [in India and widely throughout South and East Asia] is often the religion of earlier, aboriginal tribes” but is never entirely separate from the now
Imaginal – Describing the realm of consciousness or the other world in which shamans journey during altered states of consciousness, according to Jungian psychologists. The term was applied to shamanisms and neo-shamanisms
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