Altai – The Altai Kizhi, Telengits, Teles, and Teleuts are pastoralists of mixed Turkic-Mongolian descent. After the great changes brought by Russian colonization in the 18th century, there arose shamans who, not
Environmentalism – Shamans cannot strictly be identified as environmentalists because, as animists, they are members of a large community of life rather than being surrounded by an impersonal environment or “nature.” However, the common indigenous requirement to be respectful and
Tricksters – The animist worldviews or cosmologies within which shamans are required ritualists, mediators, healers, or combatants usually posit co-creation by a wide community of persons. At least some of these are
Transvestitism – Shamans in many cultures perform alternative gender and other cultural, societal, and kinship roles different from those locally deemed “normal.” Some male shamans adopt the costume of women, while some
Transformation – Many shamans are purported to be able to transform themselves, either at will or with the aid of otherworld and other-than-human persons, or spirits, into forms other than their own.
Trance – Shamans are sometimes distinguished from other religious or cultural leaders by their ability to deliberately enter altered states of consciousness. A trance may be considered a dissociative state of mind
Townsend, Joan – Professor emeritus in anthropology at the University of Manitoba, Canada. Broadly concurring with Michael Harner’s definition of core shamanism as the essential character of indigenous shamanisms, Townsend’s analysis of
Tourism – Shamanic performances and shamanic use of visioninducing plant derivatives have attracted both scholars and enthusiasts seeking initiation, education, and entertainment. While shamanism tourism and hallucinogen tourism have seriously disrupted indigenous
Totemism – Often confused with the exceptionally close or “spiritual” relationship of a shaman with a particular animal or plant, totem derives from an Algonquian term for “clan.” Many indigenous cultures understand
Tobacco – Indigenous to the Americas, tobacco is a sacred and powerful plant in many indigenous cultures. Its intoxicating effects were well known and rarely used for recreational purposes. In some cultures,
Tiered Cosmos – Among some, but far from all, societies that employ shamans, the cosmos is understood to be layered, often in three levels: an upper world, middle world, and underworld. Ordinary
Tibet – Himalayan country with a long historical influence in the region, especially stretching northward into Buryatia and Mongolia and south into Nepal and India. Buddhist authorities, lamas, sometimes acted against shamans
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