James I (1566–1625) king of Scotland and England who strengthened anti-witch laws in 1604. James’ own beliefs about witchcraft reflected the popular views of the day, and while he permitted prosecutions of
Weyer, Johann (1515–1588) was a Dutch physician who argued against the witch hysteria and the alleged workings of the Devil through people and Pacts. Johann Weyer accepted the existence of Demons and their ability to wreak evil and cause Possession,
KRAMER (INSTITORIS), HEINRICH (ca. 1430–1505).A Dominican friar and papal inquisitor, Kramer (the name he used in his German writings; he used Institoris in his Latin works) is best known as the author
SPRENGER, JAKOB (ca. 1436/38–1495). Traditionally listed as one of the authors of the infamous late-medieval witch-hunting manual Malleus maleficarum (Hammer of Witches), Sprenger was a Dominican friar, theologian, and papal inquisitor active
Montague Summers, (1880–1948) was an English author who wrote extensively on Witchcraft, Demonology, vampires and werewolves (see Lycanthropy). He believed that Satan and his Demons were real and that they exerted a
Cornelius Loos (1546–1593) A Catholic priest and scholar, Loos was a strong opponent of witch-hunting who ultimately suffered condemnation as a heretic for his beliefs. Born in Gouda in the Netherlands, Loos
Balthasar Bekker (1634–1698). One of the most important and perhaps the most thorough opponent of witch-hunting in the 17th century, Bekker was a Dutch clergyman. In 1690, he published the first volumes
Pierre Bayle (1647–1706). An important philosopher, born in France and later a professor at the university in Rotterdam, Bayle was a strong advocate of liberalism and religious toleration. He treated the subject
William Perkins (1555–1602) England Puritan and Demonologist, a Fellow at Christ’s College in Cambridge, whose views on witches and Witchcraft greatly shaped public opinion in the last decade of the 16th century
Friedrich vonSpee (1591–1635) was a German Jesuit and poet who, in the course of serving as confessor to witches during the trials in Würzburg, became revolted by the torture and execution of
Innocent VIII, Pope (1432–1492; r. 1484–1492) Giovanni Batista Cibo, elected pope in 1484, issued what has been termed one of the most important documents in the history of the Church’s fight against
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