Lux Ferre

Journeying – Spirit journeying, soul flight, or ecstasy are often taken to be essential and even definitive features of shamanisms. Neo-shamans, particularly practitioners of the core shamanism proposed by Michael Harner and

Leslie Ellen Jones – In her volume Druid, Shaman, Priest (1998), Jones discusses the Celtic Druid as a shaman, not only examining ancient evidence but also critically engaging with neoshamanic manifestations of

Paul C. Johnson – Visiting associate professor in history at the Center for Afroamerican and African Studies and Latin American and Caribbean Studies at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Johnson is

Merete Demant Jakobsen- Jakobsen’s volume Shamanism: Traditional and Contemporary Approaches to the Mastery of Spirits and Healing (1999) reviews previous work on the Greenlandic angakkoq and contrasts this with neo-shamanic practices. While

Jaguars – A number of Amazonian peoples identify shamans as jaguars. Usually this is stated strongly (“shamans are jaguars”), not metaphorically (“shamans are like jaguars”). Western interpreters seem to find it difficult

Islam – Some varieties of Islam have been labeled shamanic or shamanistic. Ioan Lewis discusses possession cults called Sar or Zar in North and East Africa, and the similar Bori cult in

Inuit – Indigenous communities of the Arctic coasts of Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland (formerly known as Eskimos), well known for their hunter-fisher lifestyle and documented initially by such ethnographers as Martin

Intrusions – Illnesses are often thought to be caused by the intrusion of artifacts (e.g., darts) or predatory beings into a body. A significant part of a shaman’s role can be doctoring,

International School of Shamanism – A school based in Atlanta that offers individual and group seminars and workshops, consultations, healing, rites of passage, and other services which aim to align an individual’s

Initiation – Shamans are sometimes distinguished from other religious or cultural leaders by a particular style of initiation. In contrast with priests, who are normally educated by other priests in the technical