Ectoplasm
Ectoplasm is a seemingly lifelike substance, solid or vaporous in nature, which allegedly extrudes from the body of a medium and can be transformed into materialized limbs, faces or even entire bodies of spirits. Ectoplasm often appears milky white in colour and smells like ozone.
Coined by French physiologist Charles Richet in 1894 to explain the strange third arm, or Pseudopod, emanating from Eusapia Palladino, Ectoplasm comes from the Greek words ektos and plasma, meaning âexteriorized substance.â But Ectoplasm-like vapors had been observed surrounding D.D. Home by Sir William Crookes. And medium Madame dâEsperance described being covered with luminous spiderwebs which eventually developed into a living organism.
Earlier, a 17th-century philosopher named Vaughn described a substance he called âfirst matterâ or âmercuryâ which seemed to be like Ectoplasm. These extrusions often seemed warm to the touch, had weight, produced carbonic acid and seemed to wax and wane from the mediumâs body.
They could also be cold and rubbery or doughlike. Emanations usually came from a body orifice, such as the mouth, ears and nose, but could also pour from the eyes, navel, nipples or vagina. Their structure varied from amorphous clouds to thin rods to a wide membrane resembling a net.
Ectoplasm disappeared altogether in the light, preferring red incandescent light and darkness. If suddenly exposed to light,Ectoplasm snapped back violently, perhaps causing injury to the medium or nearby sitters. The substance could be light and airy, like smoke, or sticky and viscous. And like all other physical manifestations, Ectoplasm appeared best in an atmosphere of faith, not skepticism.
Ectoplasm allegedly must be released from the mediumâs body before Materialization may occur. Gustave Geley, head of the Institut Metapsychique International in Paris, described Ectoplasm as an externalization of decentralized energy in solid, liquid or vapor states.
This decentralization expended great vital energy, which could manifest through rapping, phosphorescence, telekinesis or the production of Ectoplasm. Complete materialization was the final product of the Ectoplasmic process. William J. Crawford, of Queenâs University in Belfast, opined that Ectoplasm was the basis of all psychic phenomena.
It gave consistency to all physical structures during the SĂ©ance and gave these structures the ability to come into contact with ordinary forms of matter, thereby forming hands and faces. He also found Ectoplasm responsible for direct voice phenomena. Reverend Robert Chaney, himself a medium, described Ectoplasm as the spiritual counterpart of protoplasm.
He said that the mediumâs Ectoplasmic body exists in the intercellular spaces of her physical body in vibration halfway between the physical and spiritual forms. In order to materialize spirits, the medium projects Ectoplasm from her own body and draws it magnetically from the bodies of the sitters. The spirit is then clothed in this astral substance and appears.
If the transformation is incomplete, the medium takes the spirit drapery and assumes the part of the spirit, a process called transfiguration. Although Palladinoâs knobby pseudopods were fascinating, the real experts at Ectoplasmic manifestations were Marthe Beraud, alias Eva C., and Mina Stinson Crandon, known as Margery. Another successful Ectoplasmic medium was Kathleen Goligher (see Goligher Circle).
In experiments in the early 1900s with her colleague, Juliette Bisson, and later with German physician Baron Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, Beraud would produce masses of amorphous white or gray material. She was thoroughly examined before each sitting, often wearing tights or a veil. Schrenck-Notzing even had Bisson examine Beraudâs genitalia to verify that she was concealing nothing.
Schrenck-Notzing described Beraudâs Ectoplasm as similar to sticky, gelatinous icicles dripping from her mouth, ears, nose and eyes and down her chin onto the front of her body. When touched by hand or light, the Ectoplasm writhed back into Beraudâs body like the tentacles of an octopus. He found the stuff could go through fabric and not leave a trace.
After forming, the Ectoplasm often assumed faces or shapes, some resembling President Wilson and other popular government or historical figures.
In SĂ©ances held with Beraud and Bisson alone, Bisson testified that Beraud produced copious extrusions from her breasts and vaginaâeven an Ectoplasmic pseudobirth. She also materialized a tiny naked woman, eight inches high, with long flowing hair.
Few researchers gave much credence to these testimonials, however, surmising that they were not so much paranormal manifestations as sexual. From 1917 to 1920, Crawford studied the Goligher family, especially their daughter Kathleen. Crawford was convinced that Kathleen Goligher could lift tables using a pseudopod, or what he called a psychic structure or rod.
Crawfordâs work intrigued Dr. LeRoi Crandon, a Boston surgeon, who began experiments with his wife, Mina. Mina Crandonâs mediumistic talents soon developed, complete with the production of Ectoplasm. Famous photographs show long strings of Ectoplasm, like umbilical cords, pouring from her mouth, ears and nose.
They seemed to hang by tiny threads. Other extrusions came from between her legs; psychical researcher Eric J. Dingwall suspected Crandon concealed the Ectoplasm in her vagina and extruded it by muscular contractions. She even produced a third hand, grossly formed, from her navel.
Analysis of small pieces of Ectoplasm yielded few clues. Several critics claimed the stuff was either chewed paper, gauze or other fabric, probably regurgitated, or even animal tissue. Beraudâs Ectoplasm was most likely paper, and Harvard biologists found Crandonâs pseudopod to be animal lung cleverly carved to resemble a hand.
Magician Harry Houdini, who attempted to expose fraudulent mediumship, once commented that he couldnât believe the Almighty would allow the production of such disgusting substances from a human body. Ectoplasm was investigated by psychical researchers well into the 20th century.
Fraudulent mediums were known to produce Ectoplasm composed of nothing more than strips of muslin, or mixtures of soap, gelatin and egg white. Scientific interest in Ectoplasm has declined along with the practice of physical Mediumship. Some contemporary mediums reputedly produce Ectoplasm.
In Paranormal Investigation, the term âEctoplasmâ is applied to filmy photographic anomalies. For example, white fogs and mists that have no known explanations are referred to as Ectoplasm and taken by some as evidence of the presence of Ghosts or other nonphysical entities.
SEE ALSO:
FURTHER READING:
- Blum, Deborah. Ghost Hunters: William James and the Search for Scientific Proof of Life After Death. New York: Penguin, 2006.
- Brandon, Ruth. The Spiritualists. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983.
- Chaney, Rev. Robert G. Mediums and the Development of Mediumship. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1972.
- Douglas, Alfred. Extra-Sensory Powers: A Century of Psychical Research. Woodstock, N.Y.: The Overlook Press, 1977.
- Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. The History of Spiritualism Vol. I & II. New York: Arno Press, 1975.
- Houdini, Harry. Houdini: A Magician Among the Spirits. New York: Arno Press, 1972.
SOURCE:
The Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits– Written by Rosemary Ellen Guiley â September 1, 2007