Pyromancy
Pyromancy is the divination with flames or fire. The most basic form of pyromancy is that in which the diviner observes flames, from a sacrificial fire, a candle, or another source of flame, and interprets the shapes that he or she sees within them. There are several variations on pyromancy, however, some of which are as follows:
- Alomancy: divination by salt, one type of which involves casting salt into a fire
- Botanomancy: divination by burning plants
- Capnomancy: divination by smoke; light, thin smoke that rose straight up was a good omen; otherwise, a bad one.
- Causimancy: divination by burning (non-specific as to the object burned)
- Daphnomancy (also, Empyromancy): divination by burning laurel leaves
- Osteomancy: divination using bones, one type of which involves heating to produce cracks
- Plastromancy: divination using turtle plastrons; in China, this was done by heating pits carved into them.
- Scapulimancy: divination by scapulae; in Asia and North America, this was done pyromantically.
- Sideromancy: divination by burning straw with an iron.
Etymology
Derived from the Greek pur ('fire') and manteia ('prophecy')
History
Pyromancy is considered as one of the earlier forms of divination since fire is very important in society from the earliest of times. There were speculations that in Greek society, the virgins at the Temple of Athena in Athens regularly practiced pyromancy. The followers of Hephaestus, the Greek god of fire and the forge, also practiced pyromancy. In ancient China, pyromancy was practiced in the Neolithic period and Shang and Zhou dynasties in the form of burning or heating oracle bones like scapulae (shoulder blades) of oxen or turtle shells to produce cracks that were interpreted.
Methods
Pyromancy was embodied in the ancient practice of extispicy. A good presage was indicated when a vigorous flame quickly consumed the sacrifice; when it was smokeless, transparent, and neither red nor dark in color, and did not crackle but burned silently in a pyramidal form. An evil presage, however, was indicated if the fire was difficult to kindle, the wind disturbed it, and it was slow to consume the victim.
Besides sacrificial fires the ancients also divined by observing flames of torches and by throwing powdered pitch into a fire; if it caught quickly, the omen was good. The presage of a torch flame was good if it formed one point, bad if it was divided into two, better than one if forming three. The presage of the bending of the flame signaled sickness for the healthy, death for the sick and frightful disaster if the flame extinguished.
There was also a vegetable form of pyromancy which was encouraged by the Pythagoreans in preference to animal sacrifices because they disapproved of any shedding of blood. At Delphi for example, the smoke of the incense and the crackling of the laurel-wood and barley in the flames were observed by the priests.
With ordinary fires, omens were obtained by throwing substances such as powdered peas or pitch upon the flames; the more rapidly these were consumed, the better. In northern climes, where winter nights were long, these traditions carried on through the Middle Ages and were common to every hearth and home. Sudden sparks from knotty logs, colored flames from burning driftwood, curious shapes caused by flames or smoke, all were accepted as omens, good or bad.